Tak jako všechny vědecké směry, i zoologie potřebuje dobrou popularizaci. Asi nejlepší formou je ukázat ty nejzajímavější, nejpodivnější a pro širokou veřejnost nejsympatičtější objekty zájmu, a právě tenhle seriál bude takovou přehlídkou. Samozřejmě, že těch nejzvláštnějších obratlovců!
Neoclinus blanchardi
Agresivní mistr obrany (ryby paprskoploutvé -Actinopterygii)
(English version at the end of the article)
Když se ponoříte pod hladinu Tichého oceánu na pobřeží Kalifornie nebo státu Baja California v severním Mexiku, možná narazíte na rybu Neoclinus blanchardi. Dorůstá jen do délky 30 cm a žije v blízkosti úkrytů a skal, kde si brání agresivně své teritorium před soky z řad svého druhu, ale také před predátory a narušiteli. Pro život u dna má přizpůsobený tvar těla se silnými pektorálními ploutvemi, redukovanými ventrálními a dlouhým ploutevním lemem kolem zadní části těla. Často využívají k úkrytu štěrbiny nebo opuštěné schránky mořských živočichů. Na bocích má tenhle druh redukované šupiny. Na první pohled tedy žádná extrémně podivná ryba. Z fylogenetického pohledu ji řadíme do skupiny Perciformes (ostnoploutví), což je pravděpodobně parafyletická skupina a zároveň největší řád mezi obratlovci (kolem 160 čeledí).
Co je tedy tajnou zbraní této ryby? Obří tlama. Využívá zastrašujícího chování, kdy si živočich v obraně díky speciálně uzpůsobeným strukturám hraje na většího a hrozivějšího, než ve skutečnosti je. Takových příkladů je v živočišné říši dost. U ryby Neoclinus blanchardi ale jde především o nástroj pro vnitrodruhovou teritorialitu. Sama o sobě je natolik agresivní, že většinu nepřátelů odežene z teritoria i bez použití tohoto triku. Samci ale spolu vždy bojují právě takhle. Podívejte se teď, o co ve skutečnosti jde.
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Podívejte se na video bojujících ryb Neoclinus blanchardi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW-lmTLrl6U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW-lmTLrl6U
Same as in other scientific fields, also the field of zoology needs a good popularization. The best form of this is to show the most bizarre, most interesting and most beloved creatures for vast majority of people and this series will provide exactly these features. Prepare yourself for the portion of the amazing vertebrates!
If you dive under the surface of water in the Pacific ocean on the coast of California or state Baja California in Mexico, you may come across the fish called as sarcastic fringehead (Neoclinus blanchardi). It is only 30 cm long and lives near the rocks and various shelters, where it defends agressively its territorium against enemies from the same species, but also every other intruder. It is adapted for the life near the sea floor -it has strong pectoral fins, reduced ventral fins and a single ribbon is running along the distal part of the body. They usually use a shells and holes in rocks as shelters. The scales on the lateral sides of the body are reduced. So, for the first glance nothing special as a fish. From the phylogenetic point of view it belongs to Perciformes, which is probably a paraphyletic group and also the biggest order of vertebrates with approximately 160 families.
So what is the secret weapon of this fish? A huge mouth. It uses an intimidation behaviour and tries to look bigger and more fearsome than it actually is. We know many examples of this technique in animals. But in Neoclinus blanchardi it is mainly the instrument used for the fights for territories in intraspecific scale. This fish is generally so agressive, that most of the possible threats are successfully driven off without this trick. On the other side, males compete only in this amazin way. Let's look on what it actually represents.
Do you have any idea, how can this fish spread its mouth so widely? I found the answer in the anatomy if its jaws. Bones praemaxillare and maxillare are extremelly elongated, as you can see already on the first photograph, where the animal is in resting position. On the picture to the right you can see the usuall proportions of these bones compared to other bones of the skull in Teleostei. I couldn't find the actuall photo of the skull of this species, but from the photograph of living individuals you can see, that dentale and articulare (bones of lower jaw) are not elongated, so they serve as a stabilizer of jaws in extreme positions during fights and are connected with upper jaw by elongated skin. From the evolutionary point of view, this modified jaw is a feature, that should erase the intraspecific mortality in individuals competing for territory. The aim is not to kill, but only to show the power and win. Something similar is the evolution of deer antlers. Males of Neoclinus blanchardi are pushing against each other with widely opened mouths and only the stronger one will have the territory. At the end look at the best picture of this fantastic fish. If you will be diving on the Pacific coast sometime, you should try to find this amazing fighter.
Watch a video of fighting sarcastic fringeheads:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW-lmTLrl6U
Neoclinus blanchardi
Agressive master of defense (ray-finned fishes -Actinopterygii)
If you dive under the surface of water in the Pacific ocean on the coast of California or state Baja California in Mexico, you may come across the fish called as sarcastic fringehead (Neoclinus blanchardi). It is only 30 cm long and lives near the rocks and various shelters, where it defends agressively its territorium against enemies from the same species, but also every other intruder. It is adapted for the life near the sea floor -it has strong pectoral fins, reduced ventral fins and a single ribbon is running along the distal part of the body. They usually use a shells and holes in rocks as shelters. The scales on the lateral sides of the body are reduced. So, for the first glance nothing special as a fish. From the phylogenetic point of view it belongs to Perciformes, which is probably a paraphyletic group and also the biggest order of vertebrates with approximately 160 families.
So what is the secret weapon of this fish? A huge mouth. It uses an intimidation behaviour and tries to look bigger and more fearsome than it actually is. We know many examples of this technique in animals. But in Neoclinus blanchardi it is mainly the instrument used for the fights for territories in intraspecific scale. This fish is generally so agressive, that most of the possible threats are successfully driven off without this trick. On the other side, males compete only in this amazin way. Let's look on what it actually represents.
Do you have any idea, how can this fish spread its mouth so widely? I found the answer in the anatomy if its jaws. Bones praemaxillare and maxillare are extremelly elongated, as you can see already on the first photograph, where the animal is in resting position. On the picture to the right you can see the usuall proportions of these bones compared to other bones of the skull in Teleostei. I couldn't find the actuall photo of the skull of this species, but from the photograph of living individuals you can see, that dentale and articulare (bones of lower jaw) are not elongated, so they serve as a stabilizer of jaws in extreme positions during fights and are connected with upper jaw by elongated skin. From the evolutionary point of view, this modified jaw is a feature, that should erase the intraspecific mortality in individuals competing for territory. The aim is not to kill, but only to show the power and win. Something similar is the evolution of deer antlers. Males of Neoclinus blanchardi are pushing against each other with widely opened mouths and only the stronger one will have the territory. At the end look at the best picture of this fantastic fish. If you will be diving on the Pacific coast sometime, you should try to find this amazing fighter.
Watch a video of fighting sarcastic fringeheads:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW-lmTLrl6U